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Objective To explore the effect of cartilage defect repair by using engineered chondrocyte composite with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) cultured on the sodium alginate scaffold in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rabbits. Methods Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into control group，model group and alginate treatment group at random. Complete Freund’s adjuvant was used to induce adjuvant-induced arthritis in model group and alginate treatment group. Bone marrow of the rabbits’ healthy left hindlimbs was collected from the alginate treatment group，autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(ABMSCs) were isolated by the method of Percoll. The third generation (P3) ABMSCs were cultured and differentiated into chondrocytes. Engineered chondrocytes composite with sodium alginate scaffold were injected in the alginate treatment group，and the control group and model group were injected with saline in rabbits’ articulus. Rabbits were sacrificed after one month of the treatment. Repair of articular cartilage defects were observed by HE and type Ⅱ collagen immunohistochemical staining in rabbits’ articular tissue. Results Engineered chondrocytes grew well and showing spindle-shaped，cell survival rate was 98.5%. Chondrocytes with sodium alginate composite also grew well in vitro，appearing plant-like or island，similar cartilage lacuna formed around the cells. The cells arranged densely，nucleus showing round. Compared with model group，histomorphometric results showed that inflammation was significantly reduced and type Ⅱ collagen positive cells remarkably increased in alginate treated rabbits. The repair of cartilage defect was significantly improved in alginate treatment group. Conclusions Engineered chondrocytes composite with alginate scaffold can repair cartilage defect in adjuvant-induced arthritis rabbits.